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I. Overview of the Russian stone industry The main producing areas of Russian natural stone are the Autonomous Republic of Karelia (mainly producing boulders, black graphite, etc.), Ural (shale, serpentine, granite, bilith, marble and graphite). Etc.), the Caucasus, Krasnodar and Rostov (flat sandstone, quartzite), Voronezh (red granite, gray granite, boulders) and Moscow (limestone). In recent years, as the natural stone market has become more and more prosperous and new quarries have emerged, many companies engaged in the processing and sales of natural stone have also entered the ranks of collecting stone. Now there are thousands of quarries in Russia, and it can be said that stone is being collected everywhere. Only Moscow Stone Processing Company has 6 quarries, 4 of which can mine grey, black and red granite, and two can mine white and green marble. Experts estimate that each quarry needs an investment of 1 million U.S. dollars, and the cost can be recovered in 5 years, and no license is required. As long as the contract is signed with the local administrative agency, it can be put into production. If you are solely engaged in the sale of natural stone, you will need very little investment.
At the same time, the exploitation and processing of natural stone is considered to be the most profitable business in the world. In recent years, Russia, especially the Moscow region, has set off a sales boom in natural stone, and dealers have tripled. According to experts' assessment, Russia's natural stone reserves are huge (about 600 million cubic meters), and the annual market demand is 600 million square meters, with sales of 20 billion US dollars. At present, the main products sold in the Russian market are marble and granite materials. There are many natural stones that are not familiar to people, such as gravel, boulder, sandstone, limestone, shale, and secondary graphite. Stone seller Dmitry Kaluki said that if you go to Krasnodar to take a look, the people there are not very rich, but the houses are made of sandstone and shale. These materials are the most common stones in the eyes of the locals, but Moscow has to spend thousands of dollars to build such a wall.
The general manager of the company "географика" Vidaji Mamyev pointed out that the natural stone market in Russia is still very young. This market did not exist a few years ago. The sellers all imported natural stone into China. China's existing 75,000 stone mining companies. Mr. Dmitry Kalukin confirmed that the natural stone sales point near Moscow increased by 1-2 times in the summer of 2008. Each of the main trunk lines leading to Moscow has several natural stone sales outlets, and capable dealers can sell up to 5 tons of stone a day. He said that the sales of architectural stone are seasonal, starting from the peak season in April and ending at the end of October. Stones sold during the rest of the year are used to make stone monuments and landscape designs.
According to Vladimir Ailih, vice chairman of Moscow Stone Processing Company, its subsidiary “мкк- ритуал†has 15,000 stone monuments per year. The price per square meter of granite stone is 50-120 US dollars. The price per square meter of marble stone is 25-80 dollars. Of course, the stone design of the landscape design is smaller, but the profit of this stone is very large. As the experts pointed out, no 100% profit sellers are not doing it.
Currently, the Russian decorative stone industry contains 240-250 mining and processing companies, most of which are small-scale companies. In 2002, the amount of raw materials was 450,000 tons, and the total processing capacity was 3.25 million square meters (the thickness of the sheet was 2 cm). 31% of them are granite and similar hard stone, 64% are marble and hard limestone, and 5% are soft limestone, sandstone, sheet and quartzite. Russia's most important stone mining and processing base is Urals (including 68% of blocks and 27% of processed products). The country's largest marble mine is also in the Koyelga mine of Urals: ZAOKoyelgamramor, with an annual mining capacity of 120,000 tons. The second largest mine is the Mramorskoye mine under the ZAOUralskii Mramor, with an annual output of 53,000 tons. The third largest mine is the Kibik-Kordon mine under the OAOMKK- Sayanmramor in the southern part of Siberia, with an annual production of 27,000 tons.
Most of the granite mines are located in Kareliya and Leningrad in the northwestern part of Russia. The Vozrozhdenie mine, operated by Vozrozhdenie Holdings, is the largest granite mine in the region with an annual production of 26,500 to 32,000 tons. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, there has been no authority to count the amount of mining and processing of decorative stone. According to the survey, the processing plant as an unwritten rule, the large company specializing in the sawing and grinding process of stone is nothing more than processing marble or hard stone. ZAOKoyelgamramor has the largest marble processing plant. It is located near the Koyelga mine and has an annual output of 40,000 square meters. The products include plates, sheets and construction supplies. Another large marble processing plant, operated by OAOMKK-Sayanmramor, is located near the Kibik-Kordon mine in Siberia and is mainly made of marble sheets. One of the most prominent among the many granite processing attempts is the Moscow-based StoneworkingCombine (MKK), which has four factories.
Many Russian stone mines and processing plants have introduced advanced modern equipment from Italy and other countries. Among them, durable diamond wire saws and chain saws are the most popular in mining tools, and now Russia's domestically produced machinery is sometimes used as an aid. The device is used at the same time as the main machine. The most advanced mining process today is to make a row of small holes in the wire saw and then in the small hole to be blasted by a Russian scientist called the Granilen small bomb. This is called "dynamic separation technology" or "Finland." Mining law". The latest modern slow bombs have also been used in the mining of some mines. Using so-called "gas wedge" technology, small bombs are slowly operated in blastholes, usually for a few seconds to ensure minimal damage. The method of injecting gas is now rarely used in Russia. Diamond wire saws were used in the granite mines of Vozrozhdenie (only one machine) and one or two gabbro deposits in the Republic of Karelia. Due to the high price and short life of diamond wire saws, this method is not very popular in Russia. All the decorative stone mines in Russia have closed down, and only the Ogolenradradslanets mine in Leningrad survived. The limestone mined here is only sold as a by-product of flammable shale. The underground mine of Kibik-Kordon in Siberia is currently being surveyed.
Most Russian stone processing plants are equipped with imported machinery and production lines. According to the author's investigation, they first had about 30 granite sawing machines, 20 large semi-circular saws, 10 multi-axis diamond rope machines, 25 calibration and grinding lines and a secondary saw.
Russia now has 500 commercial and consultancy stone companies, most of which are located in metropolitan areas. In Moscow, leading companies include OAOMramorgranit, ZAOMetrospetstroy-Soyuz, SalonGran- pri-MKK, OOOGranitglavstroy, OOOTsentr-Mramor-Granit market consultancy, Granul, Benefit, NovyKamen, Stark-Kamen, AONast Companies, MKKTradingHouse, OOOOlparySTK and ZAOGodopek. Among the companies in other big cities in Russia, the leading companies are: OOOPrirodnyKamen (Kazan), ZAOEtalon (Yekaterinburg), SKDiamant (Samara), OOOGranul-Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk), OOOSoliton (Tyumen) and SeitLtd (Volgograd) company.
The total value of the Russian decorative stone market includes imports ranging from 40 million to 50 million US dollars. Product type statistics are as follows:
-slabs, semi-finishedgoods: 23,9% plates, semi-finished products: 23.9%-tile, smallpieces: 36,6% thin plates, small pieces: 36.6%-architecturalparts: 10,8% construction materials: 10.8%-road- buildingproducts:6 , 8% road products: 6.8%-memorials: 21,9% Monument: 21.9% Most of Russia's most popular stone products are standard templates and other thin plates. The most common specifications are 300 x 300 mm, 305 x 305 mm, 400 x 400 mm, 300 x 600 mm and 400 x 600 mm, and a thickness of 20 mm or 15 mm. 10mm sheets are also produced, but for some reason they are not popular. Large plates and gauges accounted for 23.9% of total consumption, and this figure is still increasing.
There are two types of buyers in the Russian stone market today: businessmen and direct consumers. Among them, businessmen are: large state organizations - "monopoly" (OAORZD, RAOGasprom, RAOEES, etc.) and their regional leaders in construction and financial rights; republics, regional and urban administrative agencies; large and medium-sized commercial companies, Banks, shops and restaurants; agents of regional construction companies; architectural design and construction teams that require engineering stone; factories and monument manufacturers engaged in the production of stone products that need to buy blocks from mines; consumers in the stone market are usually in big cities They make a lot of buying and selling and are sensitive to price changes. They work with well-known stone suppliers and draw commissions from them.
There are three types of direct stone consumers:
One is a private buyer. They purchase stone products for their apartments, houses and renovation projects; - own private buyers of small companies, buy stone products for small-scale renewal or repair; the market for individual consumer and designer direct consumer groups is developing. There is a 55%-60%/40%-45% market between businessmen and direct consumers.
The second is import. In 2002, Russia imported 92,000 tons of decorative stone. The statistics are as follows: Block: 40,000 tons (33% marble, 67% granite) Plates and sheets: 44,000 tons (850,000 square meters, thickness 20mm) Ukrainian granite blocks and granite semi-finished products are supplied At the top of the list, in 2002, it was still the only country in Russia that exported stone for monuments. Of course, granite blocks are also imported from Finland and Kazakhstan. In Italy, Greece, Turkey and Spain, the supply of marble blocks, plates and semi-finished products is the largest in the world. Italy, Spain and India are major suppliers of granite slabs. China is the main supplier of large-scale metal-clad panels and thin formwork, and also supplies Russia with a large number of road construction materials curbstones and square stones.
The third is export. Russia exports a small amount of stone, accounting for about 1.7% to 2.0% of total production. Its buyers are mainly Atlantic extended shore countries and Baltic countries. A small portion of the mined granite blocks (mainly from the Vozrozhdenie mine) is exported to Belarus, and some granite plates and sheets are exported to Lithuania, Latvia and Kazakhstan. A small portion of the white marble blocks mined from Koyelga and Polotsk were shipped to Italian and Spanish companies.
Russia's stone market prospects According to estimates by the Russian Official Statistical Committee, Russia's GDP in recent years has increased by an average of 3 percentage points per year. Foreign investment totals are high and low, but the overall trend is still rising. Russia, St. Petersburg and other big cities have ushered in the peak of construction in recent years, which has increased the annual consumption of stone by 4 to 5 percentage points. At present, the consumption market of Russian decorative stone is more promising than many European countries. The direct consumer's share of the stone market has reached 40%-45%, and due to socio-economic factors will continue to increase, these factors include the increase in purchasing power and the true sense of the middle class. The Russian stone market will expand with the increase in investment in domestic and foreign trade.
At the same time, the domestic construction industry has developed with the establishment of new banks and office buildings. Only Moscow has planned many new construction projects, including Moscow city decorations, ice palaces, about 60 skyscrapers, the reconstruction of the Dynamo football stadium in Kiev, the underground trade zone and the monorail. The total amount of stone to be consumed by these buildings is expected to exceed 1.5 million square meters. The total amount of stone consumption in other major Russian cities is also expected to reach the same amount.
China's stone industry situation Although there were financial turmoil in 2009, the fundamentals, long-term trends and advantages of China's economic development have not changed. The kinetic energy of industrialization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization is very strong. Second, international emerging and developing economies have great potential for stone demand. After more than ten years of development in China's stone industry, the overall level of the industry has been greatly improved, the international links between the industry and enterprises have been continuously strengthened, the ability to expand the international market has been continuously enhanced, and international competitiveness has been greatly improved. A series of national import and export policies and adjustments in monetary policy are conducive to the development of the stone industry. The stone industry must strengthen its confidence, adjust its structure and meet the challenges.
China's stone industry currently has about 200 billion yuan in sales revenue, and exports account for only 4 billion US dollars, equivalent to nearly 30 billion yuan, accounting for about 15%. The stone industry should adjust its product structure, technical structure, marketing model, and organizational structure. Efforts should be made to develop people's livelihood products, and to meet the demand of 40 billion medical and health and cultural and educational undertakings for the 370 billion rural people's livelihood projects and rural infrastructure construction to expand domestic demand and maintain growth, and the 18,000 billion iron (road) public (road) machine ( The demand for projects such as the field, the demand for the post-disaster reconstruction project of 100 billion to adjust the product structure, adapt to the market demand; vigorously strengthen the standardization work of the stone industry, adjust the technical structure and improve the technical level according to the industrial policy of the stone industry; adjust the marketing of the stone industry Mode, close to the market, close to consumers, implement brand strategy, make stone products and consumers directly meet; integrate industry resources, implement the survival of the fittest in accordance with industrial policies, and advantage enterprises should be bigger and stronger, and increase industry concentration. In short, under the impact of the financial turmoil, we must survive in structural adjustment, seek development in structural adjustment, and build a modern stone industry in structural adjustment.
The overall demand for building stone has a direct impact on the domestic and international markets of the stone industry. In 2008, since the second half of the year, the traditional stone consumer market represented by the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea has shrunk significantly due to the economic downturn. China's stone industry is an export-oriented industry. Since September 2008, China's stone enterprises have significantly reduced their orders by 30%. The main situation facing the current stone export:
1. The international market situation is severely affected by the financial turmoil. Under the current international economic environment, the original traditional stone consumption market is shrinking, stone exports are blocked, and the current situation of crude oil prices and exchange rates fluctuating greatly, which further exacerbates the risk of stone exports. However, because the production cycle of stone is about one year, the order-based production method makes the impact of the financial crisis on the stone industry have a certain lag. Some experts predict that the real winter of the Chinese stone industry will probably appear in large areas in 2009 and 2010, and the cycle may last for two years. Domestic small and medium-sized stone enterprises are not expected to achieve an increase in export growth in the traditional market. Compared with the developed countries such as the United States and Europe in the traditional consumer market, some developing countries with faster development have more potential for stone demand. Transforming the export direction and restructuring the export market structure are new challenges and new opportunities for stone enterprises. On the other hand, the domestic stone industry lacks independent innovation and high-tech and high value-added products, lacks systematic research and investment in domestic and foreign markets, and is currently a blind spot for the development of the stone industry, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Therefore, we must make good use of policies, implement diversification strategies in the international market, consolidate the markets of Europe, the United States, Japan and South Korea, and develop emerging markets. The good policy mentioned is that the import tariff of stone blocks imported by the China Stone Association and the whole industry has been reduced by 4 percentage points, the export tax rebate rate has increased by 4 percentage points, and the import stone has been transferred to the law inspection catalogue, and the marble exemption. Customs radiological inspection. These policies provide a very favorable policy environment for the import and export of stone enterprises. We must use these policies to open up the international market. In the international stone market, Japan and South Korea are currently the first markets for China's stone exports. In 2008, the proportion of China's exports to Japan and South Korea in total exports fell from 33.201% in 2007 to 33.115%, from the Eurozone to North America. In 2003, 33.43% fell to 28.31%. However, the two still account for half of China's export market. Therefore, it is very important to consolidate the Japanese, Korean and European markets. ASEAN grew from 4.42% in 2007 to 4.86% in 2008, reaching $191 million. In 2010, 10 plus 1 (ASEAN and China) realized the free trade zone and created favorable conditions for the export of stone.
But more importantly, focus on the development of emerging markets. At present, the Russian economy is entering a period of rapid development, and the emerging real estate industry is growing strongly. In the past two years, the construction area of ​​industrial buildings and commercial buildings in Russia has grown rapidly, and the annual trade volume of the building materials market has increased substantially. A large number of renovation and expansion projects, urban old house renovation, new house construction and renovation needs, the demand for building decoration stone is increasing. Due to historical reasons, Russia's light industry has been relatively backward, and a large amount of materials have to be imported from abroad. In addition, the current high prices in European countries have left a huge market opportunity for the cheap Chinese stone. Russia’s market share has increased from 1.599% of China’s total stone exports in 2007 to 2.85% in 2008. , nearly doubled, reaching $112 million.
2. The concentration of stone enterprises is not high. There are few enterprises on the scale of stone. Take Fujian Province as an example. In 2008, there were only 2 enterprises with stone exports exceeding 50 million US dollars in 2008, and enterprises with exports exceeding 10 million US dollars in the first quarter of 2009. There are only three. Most enterprises are restricted by objective factors such as capital and scale. The scale of production is small and it is difficult to scale up. The overall competitiveness and ability to withstand risks need to be further improved. From the perspective of the domestic stone market, the price increase of raw materials, the increase of labor costs, and the impact of the economic crisis in recent months have also deepened, and the domestic market is also in a state of austerity, and the production and sales of enterprises have been greatly reduced. At present, the central government has issued 10 measures to expand domestic demand to promote economic growth. It is expected that in the next two years or more, the central government will invest 4 trillion yuan to boost domestic demand. It is clearly pointed out that the construction of major infrastructure such as railways, highways and airports will be intensified, rural infrastructure construction will be strengthened, and ecological environment construction will be accelerated. The introduction of a series of favorable policies has brought new opportunities to China's stone industry. Do a good job in domestic sales, and vigorously expand the emerging foreign markets such as Russia, and become the consensus of all stone industry people.
3. Traditional low-efficiency production enterprises are generally lacking in technology R&D investment. There are backward technical equipments. Traditional workshop-style production, high inventory, and low turnover rate also hinder the improvement of production efficiency and drag on modernity. Stone enterprises have stepped out of the country. In addition, the brand strategy is the most effective means of market competition, the lack of stone industry brands, but also give up a large market share. To build your own brand, you can occupy a place in the foreign stone market.
Suggestions 1. Accelerate the structural adjustment of the stone industry, especially the pace of industrial restructuring. It is necessary to gradually build the economic order of the stone market as soon as possible. Building materials and construction industry is one of the pillar industries in China. Stone is the most important building decoration material in China and the whole human society. The national stone output value accounts for nearly one-fifth of the building materials. The stone industry is related to the overall situation of national economic construction and the success or failure of building a well-off society. At present, the order of China's stone market is chaotic and urgently needs to be standardized. Tens of thousands of stone enterprises across the country participate in market competition in the absence of market game rules and regulations, which is the main reason for the backwardness, disorder and excessive competition of the industry. Therefore, accelerate the upgrading and adjustment of the industrial structure to achieve sustainable development of the stone industry economy. It is suggested that the relevant state departments should continue to support the stone industry in speeding up the pace of structural adjustment from the aspects of policies and other aspects, and provide appropriate subsidies to small and medium-sized stone enterprises that have eliminated backward and closed down in various places, especially for large-scale stone-T industry mergers and acquisitions, focusing on policies and other aspects. stand by. Integrate the industry, adjust the industrial structure, transform the heavy material production, the tendency of light product development, enhance the development of stone products and stone deep processing products, promote advanced processing equipment, and enhance the technical level of stone processing enterprises.
2. Increase the added value of stone export products and implement the market diversification strategy. When the financial tsunami strikes, it is recommended that stone enterprises should pay attention to and study in detail the latest impact of the development of the substandard goods to the stone industry, and formulate corresponding high value-added stone. Product export shift strategy, listen to the opinions of the industry, and provide decision-making basis for development and business operations. At the same time, we must implement a market diversification strategy. The impact of the subprime crisis on some emerging markets with low financial relevance is relatively limited. It is recommended that stone enterprises can increase their efforts in these emerging markets such as Russia. At present, the European and American markets are shrinking, and some emerging countries such as Russia have strong market demand. It is recommended to transfer the stone export market to countries with strong market demand, and fill the original market reduction with new market increments. For some export-oriented stone enterprises in China, it is necessary to selectively transfer export destinations, build a new export market structure, and gradually mature emerging markets to minimize corporate risks.
In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the risk management of stone exports. When conducting export business, foreign trade stone enterprises should strengthen contact with overseas customers, track the dynamics of overseas customers' credit, strengthen the tracking and collection of export accounts receivable and the management of internal contracts (documents); strictly fulfill the obligations of sellers in commercial contracts and strengthen Stone product quality inspection and other work.
It is one of the low-value consumables with high usage rate. It is generally installed on a dry foam rack with the package or in bulk. When used, it is taken out by the operator and placed on the plastic centrifuge tube rack in the ultra-clean workbench. The common centrifuge tube rack can only make the centrifuge tube stand upright. When transferring liquid or needing centrifugation, the operator should hold the centrifuge tube in the left and the night gun or aspirator in the right. If it is necessary to transfer a large amount of liquid reagents or perform gradient centrifugation operations, such as density gradient centrifugation to separate mononuclear cells, the operator needs to hold the centrifuge tube with the right hand for a long time and tilt the centrifuge tube, which often causes the operator's wrist joint pain. At the same time, it will also affect the liquid superposition effect, which will easily lead to the mixing of liquids of different densities, resulting in the failure of the experiment.
Industry market analysis: Chinese enterprises should vigorously expand the Russian stone market
At present, Russia's economy is developing rapidly, and the emerging real estate industry is gaining momentum. In the past two years, the construction area of ​​industrial buildings and commercial buildings in Russia has reached 300 million square meters and 180 million square meters respectively, almost equivalent to the total construction area of ​​the previous decade. The annual trade volume of the building materials market is nearly 10 billion US dollars. In addition, the demand for a large number of renovation and expansion projects, urban old house renovation, new house construction and renovation, the demand for stone for building decoration, clapboard ceiling materials, wallpaper, flooring, kitchen and bathroom equipment, plastic steel doors and windows and metal hardware is increasing. . However, due to historical reasons, Russia's light industry has not been developed enough, and a large amount of materials need to be imported from abroad. In addition, the current high prices in European countries have made the Russians unwilling to pay attention. This has left a huge market gap for the cheap and good Chinese building materials. China's building materials have gradually entered the Russian market, and the annual trade volume is close to 500 million US dollars.