In agricultural production, the prevention and control of crop diseases is very important. In order to solve the problem, we must first distinguish the diseases of crops. This article teaches you to identify bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases, physiological diseases and Drug damage. To understand a vegetable disease , we must first start with the diagnosis of symptoms. Through symptom diagnosis, at least the disease can be initially distinguished from injury or pest; the invasive and non-invasive diseases can be distinguished; the fungal and bacterial diseases can be distinguished from the viral and nematode diseases. . This is a complicated and meticulous work. In the field diagnosis, in addition to paying attention to symptom observation, we must also pay attention to the distribution, occurrence and development of diseases in the field, and pay more attention to pathogen examination. Field symptom observation Symptoms are an important basis for disease diagnosis. The first difference is injury, pest or disease. If it is a disease, it is also different whether it is an invasive disease or a non-invasive disease. From the perspective of the symptoms of plant diseases, Viral diseases and non-invasive diseases (physiological) mostly exhibit whole-plant symptoms; And fungal and bacterial diseases are mostly local; Nematode diseases are similar to deficiency syndrome at the onset of the disease. From the performance of the symptoms on the disease department, Fungal diseases often show symptoms such as mildew, powder, and small black spots (granules); When the bacterial disease is wet, the adhesive is visible (bacterial pus); Although there are no signs of viral and nematode diseases, there are special diseases such as mosaic, shrinkage, dwarf, and root swelling. In the field diagnosis, in addition to paying attention to the observation of symptoms, it is also necessary to pay attention to the distribution of diseases in the field. Non-invasive diseases have no signs of contagious spread, the field distribution is more uniform and common, and the location of the disease is often related to topography, soil quality or special environmental conditions. Physiological diseases caused by meteorological conditions such as frost, cold wave, drought, etc., often occur in large areas, and not only one kind of vegetable is affected; Physiological diseases caused by soil acidity and alkalinity or lack of nutrients often occur in contiguous pieces. Physiological diseases caused by pesticides and chemical fertilizers only occur in the fields where the fertilizers are applied and fertilized, and the spots that are burned are irregular in size and shape. Infectious diseases have signs of contagion and spread, and often show a tendency to spread in the direction of wind direction or water flow, or a process of spreading from point to face and from light to heavy. In addition, in the diagnosis of diseases, we must also pay attention to the recent weather conditions in the cultivation management process, and be good at finding relevant factors affecting diseases from the comparison between diseased and disease-free fields, and provide more and more powerful basis for disease diagnosis. Problems to be aware of when diagnosing diseases: 1. Pay attention to the variability and complexity of symptoms. Although the symptoms of the disease usually show relative stability, the symptoms of the disease are not fixed. The same disease often varies according to the variety, environmental conditions, the onset period and the location of the disease. For example, the bean rust disease is characterized by a rust-colored powder in the early stage and a black powder in the later stage. Another example is cucumber downy mildew, which is characterized by dark green water-stained horns at the beginning. The late stage is characterized by yellow-brown horny spots and interconnected into large plaques, such as sweet pepper blight, blight, and bacterial wilt. Three different diseases, the appearance of which showed similar symptoms of wilting. 2. Pay attention to distinguishing diseases, mechanical injuries and pests. Seeing the process of developing and developing diseases, vegetable diseases are contagious. Therefore, the occurrence of diseases generally has obvious pathogenesis centers, and then rapidly spread to the surrounding areas, usually in pieces, if not prevented in time, it can cause great damage to the growth of vegetables. Deficiency Generally, there is no disease center, and there is much distribution. If no remedial measures are taken, it will seriously affect the yield and quality. See the relationship between illness and the weather Vegetable diseases are generally more frequent or recurring in cloudy and humid weather, and plant groups are more likely to occur when they are depressed. It is necessary to observe the weather and the growth of plant populations and prevent them early. The deficiency syndrome has little to do with the above-ground air humidity, but long-term stagnant water or drought in the soil can cause certain deficiency syndromes. If the plant is stagnant for a long time, it can cause potassium deficiency, which is manifested by the fact that the leaves are scorched from the bottom to the top of the leaf, like a fire. The soil water content is unstable, high and low, and it is easy to cause calcium deficiency, which leads to physiological diseases such as umbilical rot, heart rot, pseudo-black star disease, celery stem and crack disease, and also affects flower buds of fruits and vegetables to varying degrees. Differentiation. First, the main characteristics of various diseases (1) Fungal diseases 1, will produce different shapes of lesions. 2, the disease will produce different colors of mildew or powder, no odor. Fungal disease (2) Bacterial diseases 1. There is no mildew or powder on the leaf, and the lesion is very thin and easy to break or string. 2. Roots and leaves are perishable and smelly. 3, there are sores on the fruit, there are small protrusions on the surface of the fruit. 4, the tip of the root vascular bundle is easy to brown. Bacterial disease (3) Viral diseases The disease is mainly manifested in the young leaves, although the species is small, but the damage is large and easy to be refractory. 1, mosaic virus, leaves shrink, yellow-green phase, golden easy to concave, dark green easy to convex, disease-free leaves flat, leaf eyebrows fan-shaped. 2, 厥 leaf type, the leaves are slender, the veins are rushed, and are linear. 3, rolled leaf type, the blade is twisted and bent to the water. 4, the streak type, on the ripe fruit of the tomato, appear blue-white, gradient rust color, not easy to color, the skin has brown stripes outside the skin. The tip of the capsicum fruit turns yellow upwards, and short brown stripes appear in the yellowed area. Viral disease (4) Physiological diseases It is a non-biological disease and is not contagious. Generally, it is lower than 20 °C in the morning, and the flowering result can not be normally pollinated, and it is easy to produce empty fruit, deformed fruit, and falling flowers and fruit. From 3 pm to midnight, the temperature is lower than 16 °C, and the nutrients are not easy to be converted and accumulate on the leaves and flower buds, causing the leaves to be thick and thick, and the green leaves are easy to turn into fruits, forming flower topping, melon topping and self-sealing. In the middle of the night, the temperature is lower than 10 °C, which is easy to be blocked at low temperature, and the leaves are easy to age and dry. Solanum vegetable deficiency syndrome: The crop faucet is curved, and the self-sealing top is easily boron-deficient. Flowering is not strong and boron is also lacking. The new leaves are fresh under the faucet, and the dry side is calcium deficiency. The new leaf under the faucet is yellow leaf for sulfur deficiency. The new leaf under the faucet is white leaf iron deficiency. The lower leaves are all yellowed, which is magnesium deficiency. The lower veins are green, the leaves are drooping, and the mesophyll has yellow spots. This is manganese deficiency. The lower mesophyll turns yellow and the veins are green. This is zinc deficiency. The lower leaves are all green and the yellow sides are deficient in potassium. Second, how to distinguish crop physiological diseases and infectious diseases (1) Physiological diseases "three sexes and no ones" Plant physiological diseases are caused by non-biological factors, that is, unsuitable environmental conditions. Such diseases are not infected by pathogens and cannot be transmitted to each other among plant individuals, so they are also called non-infectious diseases. Sudden In the occurrence and development of diseases, the onset time is mostly consistent, and there are often sudden occurrences. The shape, size and color of the lesions are relatively fixed. universality Usually it is usually formed into pieces and blocks, which are often related to special conditions such as temperature, humidity, light, soil, water, fertilizer, waste gas, waste liquid, etc. Therefore, there is no disease center, and the disease of adjacent plants is not much different, even nearby Some different crops or weeds will also show similar symptoms. Sporadic Most of the plants are pathological and have a regular distribution on different plants. If appropriate measures are taken to change the environmental conditions, the plants can generally recover. No symptoms Physiological diseases are only sick and have no signs. (2) Infectious diseases "three sexes and ones" Contagious Diseases are caused by biological factors and can be transmitted to each other among plant individuals, which is also called invasive disease. There are light, medium and heavy changes in the occurrence and development of sequential diseases. The shape, size and color of the lesions will change at the beginning, middle and late stages. Therefore, lesions of various periods can be seen in the field at the same time. limitation There is a disease center in the field, that is, there is a sporadic diseased plant or diseased leaf in the field, and then spreads to the surrounding area. The disease and the healthy plants will be staggered, and the disease of the plant far from the disease center will be alleviated. There are also differences in the condition between the plants. Burst Except for viruses, nematodes and a few fungi and bacterial diseases, the distribution of lesions in various parts of the same plant has no regularity, and the occurrence of lesions is random. Symptom In addition to viruses and mycoplasma diseases, other infectious diseases have symptoms. For example, bacterial diseases have pus in the diseased part, and fungal diseases include rust, powder, mildew, cotton batt, etc. in the diseased part. Of course, whether it is a physiological disease or an infectious disease, in order to be more accurate in the diagnosis and identification, on the basis of the above diagnosis, combined with laboratory identification, it is possible to further obtain a more accurate and different shape of the lesion. Third, how to distinguish between phytotoxicity and disease (1) The difference between spotted phytotoxicity and physiological disease The distribution of spotted phytotoxicity on plants is often irregular, and the whole field is also light and heavy. Physiological diseases usually occur, and the symptoms of plants appear more consistent. Spot-type phytotoxicity and fungal phytotoxicity are also different. The former has a large change in spot size and shape; the latter has a disease center and the spot shape is relatively uniform. (2) The difference between yellowing-type phytotoxicity and deficiency of yellowing The yellowing caused by phytotoxicity often develops into dead leaves from yellow leaves, with plenty of sunny weather and rapid yellowing; lack of yellowing of nutrients, more rainy days, slower yellowing, and yellowing often with soil fertility and fertilization The level is related and the performance is consistent in the whole field. Compared with the yellowing caused by the virus, the yellow leaves of the latter often have broken green and strong performance, and the diseased plants show systemic diseases, and the diseased plants are mixed with healthy plants. (3) The difference between malformed phytotoxicity and viral disease deformity Malformations caused by phytotoxicity are common, and local symptoms are manifested on plants; malformations caused by viral diseases are often sporadic, often accompanied by symptoms such as broken green, clear veins, and wrinkled leaves. (4) The difference between the wilting of the phytotoxicity and the wilt of the infective disease The wilting caused by phytotoxicity has no morbidity center, and most of them have a slow process, first yellowing, post-dead strain, no browning of roots and stems; the wilting caused by invasive diseases is mostly obstruction of tissue obstruction, in sunny, evaporation When it is big, it will first wilting, and then it will lose its green and dead plants. The root catheter often has browning. (5) The difference between the slowness of phytotoxicity and the stiffness and deficiency of physiological diseases The stagnation caused by phytotoxicity is often accompanied by symptoms of plaques or other phytotoxicity, while the physiological toxicosis is characterized by poor root growth, and the dysfunction of the deficiency is yellow or dark green. Of course, no matter the phytotoxicity or disease, in the self-diagnosis and identification, in order to be more accurate, based on the above diagnosis, combined with professional identification, we can further obtain more accurate identification results.
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Fungi, bacteria, viruses and phytotoxics are difficult to distinguish? The following methods teach you to easily identify!